The first thing to cross any car buyer’s mind is to set the correct numbers in place. When you are in the market to purchase a car, one of the biggest questions you will seek to answer is whether you should put your money in savings while paying a higher monthly expense or pay a considerable down payment and score a comfortable monthly payment? The answer depends on various different factors. In order to understand the importance of a down payment, consider the following factors before you make your decision.

Is Down Payment the Right Solution for you?

1) Lender Inclination towards Low-Risk

Financing a car means big numbers. When lenders receive large down payments, the subsequent financial risk associated with long-term loans reduces. According to a Forbes report, 카지노사이트 | 바카라사이트 | 더킹카지노 | 샌즈카지노 | 코인카지노 | 솔레어카지노 | 크레이지슬롯 TransUnion, a credit reporting agency, predicted that 2018 will see a shift in the trend where lenders will focus on low-risk auto loans. It means it will be beneficial for customers willing to opt for high down payments. Therefore, putting money down while purchasing your next dream car is advantageous in the long run.

2) Beyond Subprime Credit

According to Bloomberg, 9.7% of subprime auto loans cater to delinquency of more than 90 days. Most non-bank lenders are opting for high-risk lending which is increasing the number on a regular basis. But, 더킹카지노총판 it won’t remain the same. If you want to obtain an auto loan with subprime credit, you will have to diligent than before. Lenders see an upfront payment as financial stability. Once a high down payment is combined with job stability, the overall credibility of an individual increases. The ideal ratio of a down payment is 20% of the total car loan amount. However, the higher the money you put down, the higher your chances of gaining creditworthiness in the eyes of the lender.

3) Savings Mechanism

As against putting less money down, 바카라사이트총판 a larger down payment helps you save in the long run. The money you save by paying an initial large amount turns out to be helpful for you in the long run. As high down payments are associated with increased credibility, you can negotiate your way into lower interest rates and gain high equity on your car. Kelly Blue Book notes that the average price of a light vehicle was $36,270 in January 2018. It is up by 3.9 percent from last year. As cars are becoming expensive, it is a wise decision to make purchases that pay off in the future. So, low interest rates become cost-efficient. Thus, down payments help you save the money that you can then invest elsewhere.

The Down Payment Decision: The Final Word

Putting money down is considered as a wise decision when you are purchasing a car. While you may have come across “Zero Money Down” offers, you should be aware of your personal finances and the additional costs that are added to the auto loan. Therefore, 바카라사이트주소 a down payment serves to be in your best car buying interests as it cushions your financial strength for the coming years.

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Imagining a world without a car seems quite impossible. A car has become a necessity that is integral to our lives. Sorrowfully, many car buyers find themselves in a state of mayhem due to the compulsion of making a down payment. A down payment makes it difficult for car buyers to arrange a big amount of money in a short time-frame. To add to that, 바카라사이트추천 there is a possibility that a bad credit score or an average credit score can diminish the chances of obtaining an auto loan. However, there is always a way out. A bad credit no money down auto loan is the best option for you. But, before you avail the loan, 카지노사이트 | 바카라사이트 | 더킹카지노 | 샌즈카지노 | 코인카지노 | 솔레어카지노 | 크레이지슬롯주소 make sure that you leave no stone unturned to educate yourself on all the important details.

The following tips will assist you in getting the most of your bad credit no money down auto loan:

1. Trade-In Your Old Car

Many a times, trading your old car can act as a replacement for a down payment. Once you have agreed to trade-in your old car, the amount equivalent to your car will be deducted from the total loan amount. It substantially reduces your burden of the monthly payment amount. Thus, by trading your old car, you can maximize the benefits of your bad credit no money down auto loan.

2. Get a Co-Signer

When you suffer from a damaged credit and cannot spare the amount for a down payment, getting a co-signer greatly helps your situation. If you are unable to make payments, a co-signer is equally liable to repay the loan amount. A lender will be more likely to grant you a loan if you have a co-signer with a rich credit history. Therefore, in order to make the most of your bad credit no money down auto loan, make it a point to get a co-signer.

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4. Present Evidence of a Stable Income

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For a car buyer with a bad credit score, getting financing options without a down payment is possible. Keep the above tips in mind to get the most of your bad credit no money down auto loan.

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id=”mod_37462243″>Child development theory is a demanding and competitive area driven by a need understand the exact nature of the developing child. Traditional medical models of understanding and intervention are in stark contrast to more recent psychological models initiating the debate over which model is of most value and how best to meet the developing needs of your child.

The journey from birth, through infancy and onto adulthood is by no means a smooth one and can be challenged by many factors. Two such examples are that of Down’s syndrome and autism.

Medical Model | Source Medical Models of Intervention in Child Development

History shows a medical model of understanding and intervention has held dominance in the past. This approach views difficulties experienced by a child to be that of ‘disease’ and should be treated in the same respect.

A clear route of investigation, diagnosis, treatment to cure is employed by fully trained medical professionals with little or 솔레어카지노총판 no reference to social interactions or circumstance. Moreover, intervention is entirely focussed on the child and treatment given to that child.

Psychological Models of Intervention

The more recent development of a psychological model of intervention is concerned with psychosocial factors such as relationships with parents and siblings and environmental factors such as the circumstances the child is living in.

Intervention follows a more explorative route taking time over assessments and aiming to achieve a favourable ‘outcome’ rather than a ‘cure’. The psychological model is also particularly concerned with intellectual development which is a topical starting point for this debate.

Intellectual Development in Children

The definition of intellectual impairment depends very much upon which approach is used. The medical model approach views this as intelligence that is measured by standardised methods, i.e. IQ tests. Intelligence is assessed and when scores are lower than a certain level or where a diagnosis has been made regarding lower than what is considered ‘normal’ intelligence, intervention is usually activated.

Your child learns as the play and explore the world around them | Source A psychological model defines intellectual ability as what is different from the majority. Overall the level of intelligence that has been labelled ‘normal’ is of crucial significance and is used as a baseline.

Children’s intelligence is generally not measured by standardised means but often children are grouped into categories with others of similar ability. They are then labelled with a term which is considered appropriate by society at that particular time.

Differences in ability such as this has created several explanations. Three in particular were identified by Zigler and Balla (1982);

1) deficit in that a process is missing and clear brain dysfunction is present,

2) delay in that a child’s development is delayed and,

3) difference where a child is operating in different ways to others.

Both the delay and difference models refer to children who have no brain dysfunction but do have some form of intellectual impairment. All three models have recently been applied to the development of children with Down’s syndrome and autism.

Chromosomes | Source Down’s Syndrome

Down’s syndrome is a genetic chromosomal disorder which can be detected prenatally, however identification often occurs shortly after birth where abnormalities can be tested for.

Children who have Down’s syndrome take longer to process visual information than others and also process tactile information differently. A common intervention method at the present time in the UK is that of Portage.

This is a medical model of intervention that focuses solely on the child and uses standardised methods of treatment. Designed in the US, Portage is a method involving a key worker who, using a developmental checklist, works with the child and the carer to set developmental targets over a set period time, including when to work on a particular skill and how to go about it.

This process is repeated with each visit with the aim to encourage development to the standard of a ‘normal’ child on which the checklists are based upon.

Building Blocks in Child Development | Source The Portage method has been praised by parents and carers, however it is difficult to pinpoint whether it actually has any long term benefits for the child.

This kind of intervention follows a traditional route where a difficulty is identified and a treatment is employed.

Other factors such as parenting and social interaction are not considered and not incorporated into the intervention programme. These points highlight the areas in which a medical model of intervention such as Portage may not consider, and areas in which many researchers feel are too significant to ignore.

Alternatives

The criticism of the Portage method is the basis in which the developmental checklists, in which this method relies on, are created. They are centred on the developmental stages and milestones of a ‘normal’ child and may not be the most effective way of improving the development of a child with Down’s syndrome.

Down’s Syndrome Information

Some researchers claim children with Down’s syndrome follow the same path of development as non-Downs syndrome children but their development is delayed (Dunst and Trivette 1990). Whereas others disagree, and believe a delay model cannot explain the many differences in which these children display (Morss, 1985).

Which model is applied to conditions such as Down’s syndrome determines which model of intervention is favoured. Despite disagreements amongst researchers on this issue it is becoming increasingly apparent that a psychological model of intervention may be a more effective method to improve development in such children.

Many researchers such as Wishart (1990) are pushing for an intervention model which is designed specifically to the child and that is in line with the understanding of conditions like Down’s syndrome and how they develop. In particular this involves recognising that such children are developing in different ways rather than having just delayed development.

These more recent opinions are also reflected in other conditions. One such example is that of autism.

Autism

Autism was originally identified by Kanner in 1943 as being a condition of innate causes where children display an inability to relate to or hold relationships with others. It is condition often undetected until early infancy when a child’s behaviour becomes a concern when it does not fit with the ‘norm’.

Autism causes impairments in social, communicative and imaginative functioning and research suggests it has biological origins. This has lead to a medical model of intervention where similarly to Down’s syndrome, intervention is based around a standardised education programme which uses the ‘normal’ development route as a base.

Autism is now recognised as a lifelong condition where behaviour and skills can be improved but autistic behaviours will be present throughout life.

Causes of Autism

The causes of Autism are under great debate centred on the key questions of whether it is a condition caused by environmental factors or by factors from within the child. Consequently, which approach is taken towards the cause will greatly influence the method of intervention undertaken.

Further to Kanner’s early claims, research has suggested Autism is not caused by innate factors but autistic behaviours are in fact symptoms of delayed personality development. Significantly, Kanner himself altered his view in later years and highlighted environmental factors, education and parenting as equally influential in the causes of autism.

Bettelheim (1967) was strongly against innate causes and believed if parenting was erratic and a child was not cared for correctly in infancy they would not develop a mature personality due to a lack of social interactions and begin to show autistic behaviours. Further, he favoured a psychological model of intervention.

Support for a psychological method of intervention can also be seen in the techniques of Niko and Elizabeth Tinbergen in the 1970’s. They suggested an emotional and motivational imbalance in a child may be the cause for autistic behaviour (Chance, 1985). They believed that this in turn causes autistic children to find strong emotions overwhelming, causing them to become withdrawn, often from people and surroundings they are familiar with. They suggested a technique called ‘holding therapy’ designed to strengthen the mother-child bond.

Source Is Autism Genetic?

Morton (1989) suggests autism has a genetic basis. Studies conducted have suggested abnormal brain functioning may be a significant factor.

For example, links have been found between autism, infantile spasms and epilepsy pointing at brain stem and temporal lobe dysfunction. Furthermore, neurochemical studies have shown a difference in the brain functioning of autism suffers in comparison with non autism sufferers.

Variable expressivity has been suggested as a possible factor in autism where a parent or a sibling of an autistic child may have a cognitive impairment, providing further support for a genetic basis.

Early intervention in autism is often centred around management of the behavioural and communication difficulties experienced. Programmes based on operant conditioning are common and are often employed through special schools and education programmes designed for children with conditions such as autism.

Summary

Examples such as Down’s syndrome and autism serve as illustrators to the current theory, research and methods that are in place.

The current debate centres on whether these conditions are due to a delay in development or a complete difference in the way development proceeds. More recent research appears to be pointing towards a difference model rather than a delay model, certainly in the cases of autism and Downs syndrome which has strong implications for intervention.

Overall it can be said that modern research is providing increasing evidence, adding to this debate all the time. Embracing social factors such as parenting and social interactions alongside the child’s personal difficulties may provide a more efficient and positive intervention method which can only be improved upon in time as research grows.

More from PsychGeek

Cognition and Emotion: The study of Memory

The cognitive theory of emotion is a rapidly advancing area in psychology research.

References

Bettelheim, B. (1967). Empty fortress. Simon and Schuster.

Chance, M. R. A. (1985). ” Autistic” Children: New Hope for a Cure By Niko Tinbergen and Elizabeth A. Tinbergen (review). Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 28(4), 636-638.

Dunst, C. J., & Trivette, C. M. (1990). Assessment of social support in early intervention programs.

Faulkner, D and Lewis, V. (1995) ‘Psychological Intervention: Down’s Syndrome and Autism’ in Bancroft, D and Carr, V. (1995) ‘Influencing Children’s Development’, Oxford, The Open University/Blackwell

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous child,2(3), 217-250.

Morss, J. R. (1985). Early cognitive development: Difference or delay. Current approaches to Down’s syndrome, 242-259.

Morton, J. (1989). The origins of autism. New Scientist, 124, 44-47.

Wishart, J. G., & Duffy, 더킹카지노총판 L. (1990). Instability of performance on cognitive tests in infants and young children with Down’s syndrome. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 60(1), 10-22.

Zigler, E., & Balla, D. (1982). Motivational and personality factors in the performance of the retarded. Mental retardation: The developmental-difference controversy, 9-26.

© 2014 Fiona Guy

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sendingAUTHORFiona Guy

5 years ago from UK

It certainly is a challenging area and everybody wants the best for their child. The parents role is really very important and such a responsibility for any individual. Thank you Stewart for reading and sharing your thoughts!

Stewart Guy

5 years ago

This is an excellent hub, voted up; and a very challenging area for 바카라사이트쿠폰 the medical profession as well as for 크레이지슬롯추천 parents of a child or children with either Downs Syndrome or Autism. Let us all hope that further research can answer some of the questions on the best way to help the children who have these conditions and the parents to better understand that they play a crucial role in a child’s development from the day the are born!

AUTHORFiona Guy

5 years ago from UK

Thank you DDE! I totally agree, those early years for learning and development are so very important for children and I do wish more parents would take that on board!

Devika Primić

5 years ago from Dubrovnik, Croatia

incredible! Child development is crucial and very important for all parents to pay attention to. A useful hub and 바카라사이트추천 I voted up!